1975年6月23日—27日,國際原子能機構(International Atomic Energy Agency)、加蓬當局和法國原子能委員會(French Atomic Energy Commission)在加蓬首都利伯維爾(Libreville)聯合召開國際學術專題研討會。來自19個國家的世界頂級科學家,熱烈地探討加蓬核反應堆的不同尋常之處,稱之為「奧克洛現象」。⁶⁹⁰
代表美國參加會議的是當時美國頂級核物理學家和化學家喬治‧A‧考恩(George A. Cowan, 1920—2012)。考恩曾在美國能源部下屬的主導開發第一顆原子彈的洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室(Los Alamos National Laboratory, LANL)就職39年,在二戰期間參與曼哈頓計劃(Manhattan Project)⁶⁹¹。他因「一生在能源開發和利用方面取得的傑出成就」(a lifetime of exceptional achievement in the development and use of energy)而獲得恩里科‧費米獎(Enrico Fermi Award)、新墨西哥州科學院傑出科學家獎(New Mexico Academy of Science Distinguished Scientist Award)、羅伯特‧H‧戈達德獎(Robert H. Goddard Award)、E.O. 勞倫斯獎(E.O. Lawrence Award)以及洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室獎章(LANL Medal)──這是該實驗室授予個人或小組的最高榮譽。他還是著名的聖達菲研究所(Santa Fe Institute)的創辦人之一。
除此之外,美國原子能委員會前主席、因重元素研究而獲得諾貝爾化學獎的格倫‧T‧西博格(Glenn T. Seaborg)教授曾評論道:要讓一個核反應堆運行起來,需要滿足許多精準條件,比如參與核反應的慢化劑與燃料都必須非常純淨,若有百萬分之幾含量的污染物,都會「毒害」反應堆,使反應終止。而他表示,自然環境下的地下如何滿足這些必要的條件?奧克洛核反應堆的情況「真是令人費解」。⁶⁹³
2018年《美國國家科學院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,簡稱PNAS)刊登了美國海軍研究實驗室(US Naval Research Laboratory)同位素成像系統研究奧克洛反應堆中裂變產物放射性元素銫和鋇的處理方式。⁶⁹⁸
法國核物理學家羅傑‧諾德(Roger Naudet)在加蓬反應堆的前期研究中,擔任項目組長。1996年他在總結自己20年研究成果的《奧克洛:化石核反應堆》(Oklo: The Fossil Nuclear Reactors)一書中,詳細列舉了奧克洛核反應堆大量無法以「自然形成」解釋的現象和技術細節⁷¹²。因為篇幅有限,這裡不詳述。
其實根據2004年美國能源部的記載,在20世紀70年代的早期,當各國科學家第一次聽說這些被稱為「天然」的核反應堆時,就表示了高度懷疑。一羣世界上最優秀的物理學家在精心設計機械細節、材料純度和組件幾何形狀等等各方面的條件下,才建造出了「芝加哥一號」。科學家們反問:「建造核反應堆時,需要如此高度的工程、物理學和敏銳、細緻的關注,(可控)核裂變反應怎麼可能在自然界隨機發生呢?」(」How,」 they asked, 「could fission reactions happen in nature, when such a high degree of engineering, physics, and acute, detailed attention went into building a nuclear reactor?」)⁷¹³
梅斯特在1968年發表的一篇文章中描述了這個古老的鞋印:「腳跟的印痕在岩石上比鞋底凹陷了約八分之一英寸。腳印顯然是右腳的,因為涼鞋在腳後跟的右側磨損得很嚴重。」(The heel print was indented in the rock about an eighth of an inch more than the sole. The footprint was clearly that of the right foot because the sandal was well worn on the right side of the heel in characteristic fashion.)
實際上在全球各地都發現過史前人類腳印化石,最久遠的是美國肯塔基州巖堡縣發現的10個完整的人類足跡和幾個零碎的足跡,被稱為巖堡縣足跡(Rockcastle County footprints)。它們位於石炭紀的砂岩中。該化石年代可追溯到距今3.2億~2.8億年前。
然而,一些持進化觀點的科學家拒絕承認這個發現,僅僅是因為它的產生年齡超出了進化論所推算的人類生活的時間範圍。如格倫‧庫班(Glen J. Kuban)⁷²⁰或美國國家科學教育中心(National Center for Science Education in the United States)⁷²¹等都把它當作是自然產物,或用一些地質現象來做牽強的解釋,而不敢突破進化論的侷限來面對史前人類文明存在的可能性。
7.2.2 內華達州500萬年前的鞋印
1922年10月8日,W‧H‧巴盧(W. H. Ballou)博士在《紐約星期日美國人報》的《美國週刊》上刊登了一篇引人注目的專題文章,題為「500萬年前的石化『鞋底』之謎」(Mystery of the Petrified 「Shoe Sole」 5,000,000 Years Old)。
文中記述了美國傑出的採礦工程師約翰‧T‧裏德(John T. Reid)在內華達州(Nevada)潘興縣的費雪峽谷發現了一隻鞋子的化石印記,上面有縫線的痕跡和斷裂的鞋跟。這個鞋印被人們稱為「內華達州的鞋印」(A Shoe Sole From Nevada)。這個腳印記錄在《考古禁忌:人類隱藏的歷史》的第807~808頁。⁷²²
1922年初裏德到紐約拜訪了美國自然歷史博物館的古生物學家威廉‧馬修斯博士(Dr. William Matthews),向他展示這塊三疊紀鞋底化石後,請他留意這個鞋印,並問他對此有何看法。
儘管馬修斯對這塊化石的鞋底與人的鞋底相似的細節表示了極大的驚訝,他說「我從未見過如此非凡的東西」(I have never seen anything so extraordinary as this)⁷²⁴,但最後馬修斯這樣說,「這是我見過的最完美的自然模仿作品,但僅此而已。這不是人的作品。人們不相信人類在這片大陸上的存在超過了三萬年。」(It is the most perfect piece of natural mimicry that I have ever seen, but that is all. It is not the work of man. It is not believed that man has existed on this continent for more than 30,000 years.)⁷²⁵
不僅如此,美國自然歷史博物館礦物學部館長赫伯特‧P‧惠特洛克(Herbert P. Whitlock)博士也稱其為「一個非常了不起的標本」,但是他用了這樣的詞來形容──「他見過的最能騙人的」。
英國生物學家和作家伊凡‧T‧桑德森(Ivan T. Sanderson, 1911—1973)提出「異地文物」(Out-of-Place-Artifacts, OOPARTS)這一術語,是指人類的化石或印記、動物、人造物體等等在一些不尋常的地層或地質構造中被發現。而按照進化假說,這些物體不應該位於它們被發現時所處的位置。上面提到的腳印等就是這樣的物體之一。⁷²⁶
1852年在美國馬薩諸塞州多切斯特(Dorchester)的會議屋山(Meeting House Hill)的一場岩石爆破中,人們發現了一個精緻的鋅銀合金的金屬器皿,它被人們稱為多切斯特花瓶(Dorchester Pot)。同年6月,《科學美國人》(Scientific American)雜誌報導了這個器皿。⁷³⁰
1880年,美國加州首席政府地質學家、哈佛大學地質學教授喬賽亞‧德懷特‧惠特尼⁷³¹(Josiah Dwight Whitney, 1819—1896)撰寫了關於加州金礦礦井深處發現的物品的長篇著作《加州內華達山脈的金礫石》(The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California)⁷³²,向科學界報告了這一證據,該書於1880年由哈佛大學比較動物學博物館出版。
19世紀史密森尼學會(Smithsonian Institution)的威廉‧B‧霍姆斯(William B. Holmes)說:「也許,如果惠特尼教授充分了解今天所理解的人類進化的故事,儘管他面前有一系列令人印象深刻的證詞,他(也)會猶豫是否要宣佈這一結論。」⁷³³(Holmes of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the most vocal nineteenth-century critics of the California finds, wrote: 「Perhaps if Professor Whitney had fully appreciated the story of human』s evolution as it is understood today, he would have hesitated to announce the conclusions formulated [that humans existed in very ancient times in North America], notwithstanding the imposing array of testimony with which he was confronted.」)
除此之外,類似的金屬工具還有很多。
例如,1968年考古學家朱伊特(Y. Druet)和薩爾法蒂(H. Salfati)在法國聖讓德利維(Saint-Jean de Livet)採石場的石灰岩層裡發現了一些金屬管,巖層年齡至少有6500萬年的歷史。在考慮並消除了幾個假設之後,朱伊特和薩爾法蒂得出結論,在6500萬年前已經有智慧生命存在。
1969年7月20日阿波羅11號成功登上月球,靠的是土星五號運載火箭的成功運送。美國NASA航空航天工程師沃納‧馮‧布勞恩博士(Wernher von Braun, 1912—1977)就是土星五號運載火箭的首席設計師。布勞恩當時是美國太空總署太空飛行中心主任,1967年入選美國國家工程院院士,1975年獲得國家科學獎章。他被公認是20世紀最重要的火箭開發工程師。⁷³⁷
有不少科學家已經提出多次史前文明的理論,認為地球上曾經有過多次史前人類文明、人類文明是週期性的。獲得1921年的諾貝爾化學獎的英國物理學家、化學家弗裏德里‧克索迪(Frederick Soddy)認為:「我相信人類曾有過若干次文明。人類存在時已熟悉原子能,但由於誤用,使他們被毀滅。」(I believe that there have been civilizations in the past that were familiar with atomic energy, and that by misusing it, they were totally destroyed.)⁷⁴⁷
勞普1996當選為美國藝術與科學學院院士⁷⁵⁶(American Academy of Arts and Sciences),2002年當選為美國哲學會院士⁷⁵⁷(American Philosophical Society)。塞普科斯基曾於1983年榮獲古生物學會查爾斯舒克特獎⁷⁵⁸(Charles Schuchert Award, Paleontological Society)。
1940年6月18日,在美國科學促進會於西雅圖舉行的會議上,即將退休的美國地質調查局地質學家約瑟夫‧帕迪(Joseph Pardee)發表了一篇題為「米蘇拉冰川湖的波紋痕跡」(Ripple Marks in Glacial Lake Missoula)的論文。他態度溫和,用安靜的聲音講述了他十幾年前的發現,18,000至13,000年前,在最後一個大冰河時期末期,蒙大拿州米蘇拉冰川湖形成。隨著湖水水位上升,最終導致2,000英尺高的冰垻破裂之後,大約500立方英里的水以迅雷不及掩耳、摧枯拉朽之力沖破了冰壩殘餘物,冰壩中的水唯一可以去的地方就是外面的荒地──哥倫比亞高原,成為當年席捲哥倫比亞高原的大洪水的來源的有力證據。⁷⁶⁴
1965年召開的國際第四紀研究協會(International Association for Quaternary Research)會議發給佈雷茨的一封電報的結尾是這樣寫的:「我們現在都是災變論者。」(We are all now catastrophists.)
1994年,在華盛頓古利市乾瀑布州立公園遊客中心外,一塊紀念佈雷茨的牌匾上寫著:「獻給J‧哈倫‧佈雷茨,他耐心地教導我們,災難性的洪水有時可能在大自然持續上演的戲劇中扮演一個角色。」(Dedicated to J Harlen Bretz who patiently taught us that catastrophic floods may sometimes play a role in nature』s unfolding drama.)⁷⁶⁶
1979年美國地質學會授予佈雷茨美國地質學會最高榮譽──彭羅斯獎章⁷⁶⁷。領獎後,佈雷茨幽默地說:「我所有的敵人(大洪水論的反對者)都死了,所以我沒什麼可沾沾自喜的。」(All my enemies are dead, so I have no one to gloat over.)
在華盛頓州立公園的同一塊牌匾上,還刻著佈雷茨的一句話:「沒有先例的想法通常不受歡迎,而且當有秩序的世界的概念受到挑戰時,人們會感到震驚。」(Ideas without precedent are generally looked upon with disfavor and men are shocked if their conceptions of an orderly world are challenged.)
悉尼大學(University of Sydney)地質學博士安德魯‧A‧斯內林(Andrew A. Snelling)在《地球災難性的過去:地質、創造與洪水》(Earth』s Catastrophic Past: Geology, Creation & the Flood)書中列舉了生物在被快速掩埋之後形成化石的大量證據。⁷⁶⁹
成立於1958年的美國國家航空暨太空總署(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) ,是美國在太空相關科學技術領域的領先研究機構,他們的成就很多,包括製造衛星、探索月球或火星或甚至太陽系更遠的地方等等。⁷⁸⁴
1994年2月8日,美國《世界新聞週刊》(Weekly World News)刊登了一張照片,美國NASA的哈勃太空望遠鏡(Hubble Telescope)於1993年12月26日將數百張照片傳回馬裏蘭州格林貝爾特(Greenbelt)戈達德太空飛行中心(Goddard Space Flight Center)的指揮中心。這些照片清楚地顯示了一座巨大的白色城市漂浮在茫茫的黑暗太空中。這個歷史事件於2009年9月10日被《世界新聞週刊》再次報導。⁷⁸⁵
牛頓曾說,「當我觀察太陽系時,看到地球到太陽的距離剛好使地球得到適量的光和熱,這可不是偶然的現象!」(When I look at the solar system, I see the earth at the right distance from the sun to receive the proper amounts of heat and light. This did not happen by chance.)⁷⁸⁹
他說,人們應該思考這樣的事實:太陽,作為太陽系中唯一產生熱和光的天體,事實上,它向六顆行星【編者按:當時人們只發現了六顆太陽系的行星】發出了適當的光和熱,這種情況只能通過設計才能出現。此外,神確保行星以正確的速度運行、與太陽的距離正確(並且在正確的軌道上運行)、具有正確的質量(因此也有正確的引力),並以正確的速率繞軸旋轉。只有精通機械和幾何學的人才能比較和調整所有這些特徵,只有偉大的哲學家才能發現其運動背後的原則。[ The latter should ponder, he continued, the fact that the sun and no other body in the solar system produced heat and light, and indeed, gave out exactly the appropriate light and heat to the six planets, a state of affairs that could only have arisen by design. Moreover, God had ensured that planets travelled at just the correct velocities, were at just the right distance from the sun (and travelled in just the right orbits), had just the right mass (and hence just the right amount of gravitational power), and revolved on their axes at just the correct rates. Rehearsing a remark he had made about a perfect (i.e., divine) mechanic in the 「Preface to the Reader」 of the Principia, he insisted that only a being exquisitely skilled in mechanics and geometry could have compared and adjusted all these features; he might have added that only a great philosopher could have discovered the principles underlying their motions.]⁷⁹⁰
牛頓在他的著作《自然哲學的數學原理》(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)──也被稱為《數學原理》(Principia Mathematica)中說:「這個最美麗的太陽、行星和彗星系統,只能源自一個智慧和強大的高級生命。而如果恆星是其它類似系統的中心,這些系統也是由相同的智慧所形成,那麼這些恆星都是由類似的智慧生命組建的;特別是因為恆星的光與太陽的光具有相同的性質,並且來自每個系統的光都會傳遞到所有其它系統;為了避免恆星系統因引力而相互撞擊,他把這些系統放在彼此相距遙遠的地方。」(This most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being. And if the fixed stars are the centres of other like systems, these, being forme by the like wise counsels, must be all subject to the dominion of One; especially since the light of the fixed stars is of the same nature with the light of the sun, and from every system light passes into all other systems; and lest the systems of the fixed stars should, by their gravity, fall on each other mutually, he hath placed those systems at immense distance one from another.)⁷⁹¹
1925年7月,田納西州代頓小鎮的一名24歲的中學教師約翰‧託馬斯‧斯科普斯(John Thomas Scopes, 1900—1970)在美國民權聯盟(ACLU)的支持下,在課堂裡面公開講授進化論。州政府就起訴他違反田納西州的《布特勒法案》,法庭判決他違反了州的法律,斯科普斯被定罪並罰款100美元。⁷⁹⁴
美國著名地質學家,萊斯大學土木工程博士、明尼蘇達大學水利工程博士、維吉尼亞理工大學土木工程系主任亨利‧馬迪森‧莫里斯(Prof. Dr. Henry Madison Morris, 1918—2006)⁷⁹⁸在他的著作《與神的長期戰爭》(The Long War Against God)中說:「有趣的是,進化論思想的實際影響在社會科學和人文學科中更能感受到,但這很大程度上是因為人們廣泛宣揚進化論已經被自然科學『證明』的信念。然而事實是,儘管自然科學通常是在進化框架中解釋的,但沒有人觀察到真正的進化發生,甚至在任何生命科學中都沒有,更不用說地球科學或物理科學了。」⁷⁹⁹
麥金泰博士在採訪中講述道,「而當時我相當天真。我想我們這裡有件大事,而我只會堅持這個日期。我們已經得到了信息,我們得到了事實。讓我們找出事實並從那裡繼續研究下去。我沒有意識到這會毀掉我的整個職業生涯。」(And I was rather naive. I thought okay, we』ve got something big here. But I』m just going to stick with the date. We』ve got the information, we got the facts, let』s get the facts out and go on from there. And I didn』t realise it was going to ruin my whole career. )
如果她放棄「25萬年」的結果、採用「2萬年」的數據,可能會成就她的職業生涯。由於她堅持事實,她後來所有的職業機會都對她關上了大門、網站被關閉,進一步作地質學調查的許可證也被吊銷。後來就沒有在她自己選擇的領域工作過。(According to Dr. McIntyre, and because she stuck to the facts, all of her professional opportunities were closed off she』s not worked in their chosen field since site was closed and permission for further investigation was denied forever.)
676. SCIENCE, 2005-01-07, Special Issue 125 th Anniversary, 01 JULY 2005, VOL 309, ISSUE 5731. https://faculty.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/science_125/science_125.pdf. 125 questions: Exploration and discovery. 14 MAY 2021. Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office. BOOKLET SPONSORED BY SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY (SJTU).
https://tinyurl.com/yck6wmdh
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